The approval is a bitter disappointment for gun-control advocates
Congress votes to allow guns in national parks
Seeded on Tue May 19, 2009 6:27 PM EDT (msnbc.com)
— Filed under: politics, capitol-hill, washington, house, senate-majority-leader, amendment, national-parks, national-rifle-association


Yeah Congress,
Support our right to Arm Bears!
That is funny. It is just as funny that the give and take (robbery) that the Republicans are doing to force their agendas through, else threaten obstruction. What is worse, the Democrats taking the threat seriously. Realy shame that the politicians won't let their good bills stand by themselves. They have to add PORK.... YES, this is what I consider pork, else I would call them LEACH programs.
Or, support the right to Arm Bears!!!
LOL!
I guess the only "good" pork is served with potatos' onions and a little bit of garlic salt!
Tha'ts pork!
Hey CHRIS HARRIS, pardon my "DISLEXIA".. I could have sworn you posted; THE RIGHT TO "BEAR ARMS"!!!!
LOL, LOL(?)!!
Michelle's right to BARE ARMS?
In case there is any confusion, my full name is Christopher Bruce Deile. Sometimes I write under my middle name...Bruce. The bear attack story refers to me by my first name Chris.
________________________________________________
Anchorage Daily News; Letters to the editor (12/16/08)
Park officials use guns, so let us
Re: “Allowing Guns In Parks Doesn’t Seem to Bother Alaskans” (Craig Medred, Dec. 6):
It’s difficult to argue for more firearms given the horrific trauma people must experience due to gun violence, but as for allowing protection against bear attacks in national parks, this is a step in the right direction.
National park officials use firearms for bear defense but have been advising the general public to use pepper spray. This latest action by the Bush administration to allow firearms in national parks is right in that if government officials have the freedom of choice in a bear attack, citizens should too.
– Chris Deile
Bellingham, Wash.
______________________________________________________________
To the Editor: 5/9/09
[Western Front newspaper; Western Washington University]
Thank you very much for publishing my letter. However, the title--"Firearms Enhance Safety" (Western Front; 5/8/09)--is misleading in that it implies support of firearms in general. But my letter only supported firearms specifically for bear attacks. People are suffering far too much from the glorification and prevalence of guns in this culture (see 1970's YouTube video by Rita Pavone "My Name is Potato"). I think we'd be much better off like Canada and Europe, only that firearms should be allowed in Banff National Park, etc.
By the way, your editing involved a misprint....the abbreviation for Alaska is AK (not "Ala."). Also, and this was partially my mistake, a sentence should have read: "Similarly, as Glacier National Park has the most bear attacks in the contiguous U.S., GNP rangers respond with firearms."
Your revision showed that Glacier has "had" the most bear attacks, and as it followed the reference to Anchorage's numerous attacks last year, it read as though I were referring only to attacks last year in Glacier instead of over the past few decades. But a pattern of attacks has been established in GNP, and education involves not only taking precautionary measures to avoid an attack, but also, contrary to popular propaganda, that pepper spray may not be enough should one occur. Firearms should be considered as the best defense (except of course in GNP, etc., where unfortunately firearms are presently illegal).
Finally, the Anchorage Daily News article, 'A Can of Spray, A Lot of Luck' (9/29/96), describes Keith Benner and I being attacked by a brown bear along the Kenai River in Alaska and pepper spray not preventing the attack from involving a face to face encounter after the bear knocked me on my butt. It can be found in a Google search of my name, or I can write the story and submit it to the Western Front as a follow up.
-- Bruce Deile
______________________________________________
Firearms enhance safety 5/8/09
In the May 5 article, 'Former Professor Working to Preserve Local Bear Population': When asked "How do you keep yourself safe while working around bears?" Chris Morgan responded that he knows bear behavior intimately and is respectful. "I don't approach them; I allow them to make the moves," Morgan said. He also mentioned bear-proof containers and pepper spray for bear safety.
It would be helpful if those doing good work for bear preservation admitted that pepper spray may not be enough to stop a charging grizzly. When Anchorage, Ala., had numerous bear attacks last year, local government wildlife officials responded with firearms, not just pepper spray. Similarly, as Glacier National Park had the most bear attacks in the contiguous U.S., rangers responded with firearms. Yet, since firearms are prohibited at the park, the general public is advised to use pepper spray.
This double standard was a big reason why George Bush enacted a federal law allowing firearms in national parks before he left office.
After Barack Obama was elected, that law was immediately ruled unconstitutional purportedly because environmental concerns were not given proper scrutiny. Practically speaking, this means the issue most likely will be shelved indefinitely as people continue to be mauled at Glacier National Park.
As difficult as it is to argue for firearms given the horrific trauma caused by gun violence, allowing firearms in national parks, specifically in this instance for bear defense, was a step in the right direction.
Remember world famous bear photographer Michio Hoshino? A grizzly killed and ate him in his tent on the Kamchtka Peninsula in Russia. And like Chris Morgan, Hoshino loved, respected and knew bears intimately. Yet his tragic death showed bears will, at times, kill indiscriminately. Hopefully, Chris Morgan will include in his talk this Friday the warning that pepper spray may not be enough to stop a charging grizzly.
Bruce Deile
Bellingham homeless resident
I think that there are certain US National Parks where it makes sense to be able to carry weapons. The vast Alaskan wilderness would be some of them. But if you all are going to try to convince me that people should be able to carry guns in Rock Creek Park in downtown DC, going by the Washingtion National Zoo. you are out of your mind. This should be left up to individual States. Come on Repubs, you always say this about other laws, what is wrong with it now. Are you in the NRAs back pocket?
There are a lot of ranches who rent pasture land from the BLM and they need to have the right to have guns to protect their livestock. It is not even remotely possible for some hiker to have to face down someone with an AK-47. That's a total exaggeration if there if ever was one.
No doubt if you were faced with a bear coming at you snarling, you'd want a gun too! I doubt hiding in a tent would do you a lot of good. People need to have the right to protect themselves from wild animals who consider them as their next meal.
Michelle's right to BARE ARMS? Well, I hate to tell you this but many foreign countries consider women who show off bare limbs as amoral and it is bad taste.
Well, the Taliban thinks that women should wear burkas, but that does not make it in bad taste or amoral. And, that also does not make the opposite attire worn in strip clubs tasteful or moral.
The only thing that would be worse is for the Republicans to try and attach this to a military funding bill and refuse to pass it unless that was part of it, oh wait, that is what the Democrats did. Or even refusing to fund the troops unless there was a withdrawl date attached to the funding. Lord knows the democrats are not in any of the lobbyists pockets.
http://www.heritage.org/Research/Budget/wm1953.cfm
Anna,
I would have to say there are fewer rabid animals in Alaskan national parks than what you will find in Washington D.C. I would feel safer in the great outdoors than in a Washington D.C. park unarmed!
Read these posts and you can see the low educated people who elected Odumbo. It's not that funny...
You need to know who exactly is the 'gun lobby'...its more than Pugs.
The Republicans can't stop anything, the Dems are running the show. Denying any amendments and taking no input from them and then calling them 'obstructionists' is the tactic of an 11 year old.
Not to mention that a common theme on conservative TV, radio and websites was what would happen if the Dums gained a fillibuster proof majority AND the Presidency. Anybody who can see past thier well intentioned nose knew this tactic was on the horizon.
This is a quote from an article posted on the NRAs website. It is referencing the ban on assault weapons, and what do you know, they are saying that a large number of Democrats in Congress, approximately 65, are opposed to it. So before you lefties begin to start running your little pie holes about the Republicans being in the pocket of the pro-gun lobby you may want to check your own parties stats.
This means you Anna!
Deile, you say
"It’s difficult to argue for more firearms given the horrific trauma people must experience due to gun violence, but as for allowing protection against bear attacks in national parks, this is a step in the right direction.
National park officials use firearms for bear defense but have been advising the general public to use pepper spray. This latest action by the Bush administration to allow firearms in national parks is right in that if government officials have the freedom of choice in a bear attack, citizens should too."
But your argument applies even more to being able to carry firearms as a protection against criminals and illegal government acts. Both of these are responsible for far more deaths than bears, and affect far more people.
Lets do a little re-writing to make your statement more accurate.
It’s difficult to argue for fewer firearms given the horrific trauma people must experience due to criminal violence, but as for preventing protection against criminal attacks in America, this is a step in the wrong direction.
Police officials use firearms for criminal defense but have been advising the general public to use pepper spray. This latest action by the Bush administration to allow firearms in responsible hands is right in that if government officials have the freedom of choice in a criminal attack, citizens should too.
There, now it is a logical, consistent argument.
I wonder what rider was on that bill. More payraises for Congress? More handouts for the deserving? Can't believe that this Congress would support anything Bush did without something in it for themselves.
The rules severely restrict guns in the national parks, generally requiring them to be locked or stored.
RIDICULOUS !! So, if a nutcase comes into a group of people to shoot them, do you think he will give them the time to go get their guns so they can defend themselves ??
motorcityrick. Now that's funny! And yes this is a good thing. I walk my dogs in the parks in Florida and they're are some scary places and unsavory characters in some of them. I feel I should be able to protect myself if threatened. If a nut is going to shoot you he probably isn't going to be concerned with gun rules in national parks.
Replying to "I'm Ringo" comment (#1.15):
Ringo, specifying firearms for bear attacks is not inconsistent. What's inconsistent is citing freedom and liberty and the second amendment to rationalize away children being shot to death on the streets of America.
Canada and European countries do just fine without relying on firearms for protection (except now the U.S. insanity is spilling over into Canada--gang wars, drug running, gun violence...now they'll be compelled to arm themselves to keep up with the arms race...it never ends.)
And what about homeless people? A Union Gospel Mission director gave a presentation before the Bellingham (WA) city council a few months ago. They categorized the majority of homeless people as mentally ill. With medication as the solution to this countries deliberate lack of housing (they closed the Section 8 housing list here in Bellingham August 1, 2008...it had a three year waiting list. Now you can no longer even get on that three year waiting list for housing. Meanwhile, Obama recently gave Bellingham/Whatcom County millions for homelessness. Yet I, and many others, continue to sleep on the pavement [I use public library computers]). Where did that money go? Trickle down theory applies here in the U.S. more than most other places as we have the most homelessnes of any industrialized country.
Specific point being that when "the majority" of homeless people are labeled mentally ill, that means the majority of homeless people are disqualified from owning a firearm.
The plutocrats will have access though. A little seven year old girl was shot in the head last week for stepping onto someones property in Texas. Her family was out on recreational vehicles, the children had to urinate, they stopped out in a remote area. Apaarently they didn't know they were under property owner surveillance. Shot the child in the head. Dead. In England they have public rights of way across farms, bridleways. Public footpaths that cross farmers lands. And that's worked ever so well for centuries. Here? Shoot a child in the head if they step on my property! Selfish insanity in the name of freedom and liberty.
It is inconsistent to say that firearms for defense against one predator is a good idea, while firearms for defense against a far more deadly predator is too dangerous.
"Canada and European countries do just fine without relying on firearms for protection"
Ah yes, that explains the extremely high rate of stabbings in England.....because they are doing just fine. That's what we can explain to the family members of those killed by criminals in Europe....'Don't worry, at least your sister/father/spouse/etc couldn't defend themself, that would've been REALLY bad.' Those tens of millions of civilians killed by their own governments in Europe over the past century don't seem to mind, do they?
You want to talk about selfish insanity? That is a very valid subject when we are talking about people that would take away the rights of others, just because they don't like them.
My basic human right to defend myself and my family is in no way predicated on your approval.
Wit a tick, Canadians love guns!
Democrats have long been for the rights of people as opposed to the wants of the state. Especially in the red states, you will see the Dems vote against the big city thugs even in their own parties on this issue, anyway.
The thing about guns in rural areas as opposed to guns in urban areas is that rural areas by and large are homogeneous societys and urban areas by and large are not. People who share values, work, churches, schools rarely kill one another. The opposite of course is why people in the cities seem to always kill one another.
It answers the often asked question, what is there about people in Laramie that makes them able to manage guns where the big shot Dem politicos in Chicago, new York, etc., don't trust their citizens with guns.
"Democrats have long been for the rights of people as opposed to the wants of the state."
You must be thinking of the Libertarians or the Constitutionalists. In the United States, the Democrats and Republicans share the crown for authoritarian government control.
You are right, Mr. Ringo. We pay these people far too much, and we allow the job to become far too attractive. Once these folk win, and move into either the Watergate or some Manse in Hoya-ville (Georgetown) , we poor saps are sunk!
Replying to "I'm Ringo" comment #1.21:
Ringo, you neatly evaded the critical point (granted, I was verbose in stating it). That is how homeless people, the majority of whom are categorized mentally ill by the ruling class, are thereby denied the right to legal gun ownership. Thus the *plutocrat* minority are the only ones able to excercise their second amendment rights. Meanwhile, children are being shot in the head for stepping onto someone's private property in Texas, etc. All so that the privileged few can enjoy their security while possessing the best arsenal. The U.S. has the highest incarceration rate in the world. Freedom and liberty? For who, Ringo? Besides, homeless people could never compete in a nuclear arms race. See my opinion piece--'American Roadkill'. It's found through Google search of "Bruce Diele" (a misspelling of my last name).
Freedom and liberty for everyone. What do homeless people have to do with the situation? I support their rights to purchase a firearm just as much as I support YOUR rights to purchase a firearm.
chris deile, get your facts strait about the little boy who was shot along with five other people in the suv, it was on public land along trinity river, they were driving and stopped to take a leak.
An AP news article online reported they were on private property. I'll try and find it through a search; should have kept it for reference. Nevertheless, a 7-year-old shot in the head while trying to take a leak.
Replying to "I'm Ringo" comment at #1.27:
Ringo, while you may support everyone's right to gun ownership, the reality is not everyone will have that right. Again, homeless people are increasingly being categorized as mentally ill. That disqualifies us from gun ownership.
"Ringo, while you may support everyone's right to gun ownership, the reality is not everyone will have that right. "
Everyone does have the right. That's what makes it a human right instead of a right for the rich, or the asians, or the left-handed. Human rights exist, whether a government respects those rights is a different matter. Rights advocates don't fight for the existance of a right, they already exist. Rights advocates fight to prevent the government from violating those rights.
Boy dies after Liberty County shooting
Charges against couple accused of firing at passers-by may upgrade
By PAIGE HEWITT, CINDY HORSWELL and CINDY GEORGE
Copyright 2009 Houston Chronicle
May 9, 2009, 8:00PM
Mayra Beltran Chronicle
The four victims were shot Thursday night as they passed this house near Dayton. Despite the warnings posted in Gale and Sheila Muhs' front yard, authorities say, the road and the nearby levee are accessible to the public.
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A 7-year-old boy who loved playing outdoors and riding on the back of his daddy’s Harley died Saturday morning after a Liberty County couple opened fire on him and three other alleged trespassers, Liberty County Sheriff’s Cpl. Hugh Bishop said.
“He was just a little country boy … who liked to kick off his shoes,” said Joseph Breland, a neighbor and close family friend.
Donald Coffey Jr., his father and friends were on their way back from joy riding near a levee and swimming in the Trinity River around 9 p.m. Thursday when homeowners Gale and Sheila Muhs fired at them with a 12-gauge shotgun, police say.
The Muhses, both 45, are charged with aggravated assault and are being held in the Liberty County Jail in lieu of $25,000 bail each. The couple is expected to appear in state district court in the coming week.
Authorities are considering upgrading the charge to murder or capital murder, Bishop said.
The boy, struck in the face, was among eight people, including four children, who had been on the river outing. Four people, including another child, were shot.
The boy’s 5-year-old sister, Destiny, and their father, Donald Coffey Sr., 36, were hit but have been treated by doctors and released.
The fourth shooting victim is family friend Patrick Cammack, 30, whose condition has improved since surgery. Doctors had to leave a bullet in his head, said his wife, Cindy Nelton, who was also there that night.
Nelton said the ordeal happened over two or three minutes in “pitch darkness.”
She said she was driving a sport utility vehicle with the boy’s mother, Becky Coffey. Two of the women’s children, including Destiny, were in the back.
Driving alongside them in a Jeep were Cammack, the elder Coffey, “Little Donald” and Cammack’s son.
The men stopped to use the bathroom and got out of the Jeep near the Muhses’ home in the Westlake subdivision south of Dayton when a woman’s voice boomed through the darkness, Nelton said.
In a message peppered with expletives, she said, the voice ordered the group to get their vehicles off the property.
“And then I heard a shot and our windows were blown out,” Nelton said.
Nelton, who never saw a shooter, said she immediately stomped on the gas and screamed, “We’ve got kids in this vehicle! Y’all need to stop shooting!”
A second shot, and possibly others, came in reply.
‘There was blood all over’
Nelton said she sped to safety near a bridge, unaware of the Jeep’s location.
Becky Coffey opened the door to the SUV to go look for her husband and son. When the inside light came on, a bloodied Destiny was in the back seat screaming.
“She said, ‘Mama, they shot me. Mommy, they shot me.’ There was blood all over her,” Nelton said.
Nelton rushed the girl to a nearby fire station while Becky Coffey frantically searched on foot for her other family members. The victims were taken to Memorial Hermann Hospital via air ambulance.
Meanwhile, Sheila Muhs — whose home is fronted by a sign warning: “Trespassers will be shot. Survivers will be reshot!! Smile I will” — had called 911. Bishop said the woman told a dispatcher: “They’re running over our levee in big-wheel vehicles, and I shot them.” Officials have not released the 911 tape.
Nelton said justice, for her, is simple.
“They need to be dead,” she said of the Muhses.
On Saturday, authorities were trying to determine details, such as the visibility that night, distance between the victims and the shooters, and property lines in the rural area along the river.
“Little Donald” lived his entire life in the area, riding four-wheelers and running along the Trinity’s banks.
“You couldn’t ask for a better-spirited kid,” Breland, the neighbor, said.
Ringo wrote: "...Rights advocates fight to prevent the government from violating those rights." Prevent the government? A nuclear superpower? They make the laws. They enforce the laws. Arbitrarily. I wonder how many people are unjustly imprisoned wondering who is preventing the government from violating their rights (since, again, the U.S. has the highest incarceration rate).
Maybe they should have done a little more to prevent an oppressive government. Most don't have any ground to stand on, as they voted for oppressive members of our government.
The right thing to do is still the right thing to do, whether the government approves it or not. Government said slavery was okay, it wasn't. Government said slaughtering the natives was the right thing to do, it wasn't. Government said it was best if only men could vote, it wasn't.
You seem to be under the impression that just because the government doesn't respect our rights, that it somehow magically becomes the correct thing.
keck: They were killed because the property owners believed they were trespassing on their property. So the point stands...people are shooting children in the head for *alleged* trespassing. That doesn't happen in England. They have coastal paths all along the coast. The SW coastal path of England is 600+ miles long, open to everyone. Here in the U.S. if you try and hike along the coast, CA for example, you have to dodge private property by going up on the highway amongst traffic, cars and exhaust. Ruins the experience. There it's coastal path, cliffs, and ocean day after day. You can even hike the entire coast of Britain now.
Click my name to find the story of the Texas couple who shot the seven year old boy in the head since they believed the boy and his family were trespassing on their property ("Texas boy, 7, dies after shot in mistaken trespass"). It's an MSNBC News Vine story (where you can comment), different from the article I've posted here. The one I posted here has more explicit detail; the MSNBC article has pictures of the couple who shot the child in the head with a 12-gauge. If you can't find it on my page, it should come up on a search of its title.
chris, thank you for your clarification. i work with someone who has a son in cub scouts with him, his funeral was last wednsday. the people who shot the suv, and killed donald, had a sign in their yard "tresspasers will be shot, survivors will be shot again" , they are killers, they took turn shooting at the parked suv, so they dont know which one had killed don jr.
no one in england has guns , not even the bobbies.
the park service actually has signs up in the southwest stating enter at your own risk due to illegal immigrants traveling through the area. more dangerous thatn bears. also more people killed by drunk drivers each year than firearm violence. the only reason the libs want gun control is to prevent a popular uprising against an over zealous socialist government. that was the reason the founding fathers write the second amendment, to pur some reigns on overly intrusive big government
That's probably Big Bend National Park, buffalo boob (ha ha--just teasing about your name--couldn't resist). The reason for people killed from drunken driving is due to not having stricter drunken driving laws. The alcohol industry won't allow it. So every day people are killed unnecessarily. In Arabia, they cut off the hand of those caught drunken driving. Guess what? They don't have a problem with drunken driving deaths. Too extreme? Consider automobile decapitations and horrifically burned survivors from victims of drunken drivers. I once asked a woman handing out MADD pamphlets in a strip mall why we don't have stricter drunk driving laws. She blamed the government (or lack thereof).
Granted, while cutting off hands may be going too far, the point is with effective enough laws acting as deterrents, the government could implement a no tolerance policy for drunken driving. But they won't, for the same reason they allow automobiles--weapons of mass destruction--to rule the universe. "Put some reigns on an overly intrusive government"? What arsenal or militia will reign in a nuclear superpower?
Btw, from article above:
"When the inside light came on, a bloodied Destiny was in the back seat screaming."
"bloodied Destiny". A person couldn't come up with that if they tried.
In the end, when the state, on the brink of ruin, can maintain itself only in an empty and illusory form, when the social bond is broken in every heart, when the meanest interest impudently flaunts the sacred name of the public good, then the general will is sileneced: everyone, animated by secret motives, ceases to speak as a citizen any more than as if the state had never existed: and people enact in the guise of laws iniquitous decrees which have private interests as their only end.
- Jean-Jaques Rousseau
Glad to hear that common sense may finally prevail.
We have CCW's and are responsible gun-owners. We also have an RV and travel the Country frequently. We stop at State and National Parks for the night specially during good seasons to watch wildlife. NO hunting, poaching or firing off weapons into the air. We don't wave the NRA flag or even put identifying insignia on our vehicles. NOT COOL.
But, sorry to say, there are some really weird two legged critters out there, who love to prey on others. Specially us little gray-haired retirees. We appreciate the fact that we will now be LEGAL.
Not that the previous rules stopped us from carrying and being prepared to defend ourselves. My feeling was that I would rather explain my actions to a judge than be on a slab with a toe tag.
BUT at least it makes choosing to defending ourselves a LEGAL option.
Bigazonie,
Yes, I agree that it's important to have the ability to defend yourself at all times. Even more so when you're ederly. I'll be impressed when I'm able to walk into a Gun Store and walk out with a handgun no matter if it's my home state or not. I don't think the second amendment was meant to have state border restrictions. I used to sign out M-60 Machine Guns, M-16s and Armored Personnel Carriers as a soldier and as a civilian with an Honorable Discharge and CCW, I can't walk out of a Gun Store (outside of my home state) with a handgun. The only thing that has changed is my clothes. The Feds can kiss my *ss.
Bigazonie, you have it correct. Those of us who have taken the trouble to get a concealed carry permit understand and honor our responsibility to act lawfully and peacefully. There is no disparity between public safety and concealed carry. I just wrote my representative (Gabrielle Giffords D-AZ) again on this issue and I think she is enough of an Arizonan to understand the issue and vote favorably on second amendment issues. Unfortunately, Mr Grijalva is in the neighboring congressional district and seems to be ignoring the facts as he makes his irresponsible comments regarding public safety. I can't believe he is representing his district on this issue.
This is why Mr. Grijalva does not want guns in Arizona National parks since the parks (located in his district) are used by Illegal Immigrants to move across the border without the additional fear for their safety from some hiker/camper toting a gun.
With that said, I am sure glad that Coyotes and the Drug Smugglers never carry weapons themselves and prefer to talk things out in a civilized manner.
I absolutely hate it when someone's ulterior motive is so transparent.
Finally, some common sense gun legislation? The Brady Bunch's comment about getting stared down by AK-47's on a nature hike is ,as usual, total nonsense. They would disarm the law abiding citizenry to further their agenda. Take guns from criminals, not the law abiding citizens.
bigazonie. Great post. I think most people against it just haven't grown up being taught how to responsibly handle firearms, so they have this slightly irrational fear of guns (or biased idea of how a gun owner looks and acts). Surprisingly, we are not all barefoot, toothless hillbillies feuding with our neighbors down in the hollow. Or drug crazed killers on a rampage. Some of us are responsible Americans that simply want to be able to protect ourselves.
Sad to say but the rangers will venture outside the law and bust your b***s on this. Some police chiefs have already gone public on the right to carry, by pointedly telling their officers to put on the ground anyone these officers see with a gun, regardless of the law. Some badged individuals don't like situations where they feel they are out of the loop.
Around here (North Jersey) NPS service rangers patrol an area called the Delaware Water Gap National Recreational Area. Due to some vagary of history, hunting is allowed in this area. The rangers bring their own prejudices to work with them and make it as difficult as possible for the hunter. It is amazing to drive NY Route 97 and see huge billboards on the slivers of private property inside this area begging, "NPS Get Out of Town".
In 2002, my wife and I approached Yellowstone NP from Cody, WY. Lo and behold, a mandatory NPS bear education stop came into view. We stopped, of course, and the resident ranger went through her dog and pony show, and told us we'd be some sort of federal felons if we allowed the distance between us and a bear to get less than 100 or 50 or some arbitrary number of yards, feet, meters, whatever. I asked her how, if some bear came within Leavenworth distance, could I remove myself from this ecological bulls-eye. She then whipped out her handy spray can of cayenne pepper, and said "These pepper sprays make the bear turn tail 90% of the time!" Pointedly looking at her sidearm, I retorted, "Are you telling me that 10% of the bears just keep coming when you spray them?" She became officious and frosty after that, and wifey and I bid her adieu.
Proctologist, including your rather "compulsive" newsvine name, you are one that I would be afraid to run into in Rock Creek Park, gun or no gun. People bring their children to that park and loonies like you want to run around looking for boogy man to shoot? Do you know how far a stray bullet can travel in the woods?
I am more afraid of the two-legged kind of wild animal that a bear. I, too, have taken armed weapons into a park when I camped, just in case. I wouldn't shoot an animal unless it was to defend my life. But I have been in situations as a woman, camping alone with my dog, when it made me nervous to camp near a bunch of drunken hunters that loudly talk about 'going to town to get us some wimmen". Several times, I got in my car and left for the hotel.
I hope that some trigger-happy poachers don't feel that they can take advantage of the wide open spaces and the ability to carry arms to collect one haunch of a deer, or shoot a few chipmunks for fun. It seems to be the desire of a few hunters to prove their prowess by breaking laws that exist to protect and manage our wildlife resource.
So, while I know that I won't harm the wildlife or disturb others, it worries me that other people will-- and that it won't be safe to enjoy our park system for fear of being harmed by some trigger-happy nutso. Perhaps individual parks could require a special permit to carry a weapon into the park, so they can keep up with them.
Anna you typify the confused Brady Bunch Liberal position. This bill will not allow guns in a park in Washington D.C., though it damn well should. D.C. has scarier animals than most zoo's. I would label D.C. as one big wildlife preserve or jungle. This bill only aligns state law with local parks. Since D.C. has such draconian gun laws that do absolutely nothing to curb crime in that P.O.S. city this changes nothing. This bill will however have a huge impact in our many "FREE" states in America. Stop falling for the Brady propaganda that they spew 24/7.
As for the Brady Bunch anti-gun groups; BOOYAH!!! Your Liberal Anti-gun agenda will continue to fail. The 2010 elections will make it even worse for you.
I strongly believe in the second amendment! With Guns We Are Citizens Without Them We Are Subjects!
Hey, Congress ----- while I am pleased to see that a positive bill regarding guns looks to be about passed and signed, what does it have to do with credit cards? This --- is one of our main problems in this country. Needless, often useless, amendments added to meaningful legislation permeates the workings of Congress. EVERY BILL should pass or fail on its' own merits. A lack of term limits and the President not being able to have a line item veto are not so slowly, eroding the foundation of our nation. Fellow citizens, we simply have to get past partisan politics and work, TOGETHER, for the betterment of the country. What is best for the nation as a whole has to be considered ahead of our current regional politics. We must begin to work, together, united in our mutual cause, --- NOW ! Yes, I am a gun owner.
It's nice to win this one, but I'm with DisabledVeteran on the amendments to bills. Think of how many other things have been passed this way - many of them useless and expensive pork projects that passed because fighting them off would have killed an important bill.
Like ever other bill they pass they put stuff in it that they think will fail if brought up alone so they bundle them. Probably figured Obama would veto it. Well, if he line-item vetos it he will definitely be hearing about it from the taxpayers.
Wasn't it Montana that told the Government to go jump with their restrictions on gun purchases? Was one of the western states. Told they did not have those laws and they weren't doing it.
I find it ironic that people are complaining about an add on from a republican that won't cost the taxpayer one cent but they never complained when Bush signed bills providing money to fund our troops that were inflated 20-25% buy the democrats with pork add ons. The only way bush could get them to sign the funding bills was to let the dems stick whatever they wanted into those bills.
Teu and Vet, you are right. Finally some commen sense gun legislation, but what does it have to do with credit cards. That is how many bills get passed, by the pork attached. Wonderful system.
Last----There is no such thing as a line item veto. That was trying to be pushed through when Billy Bob Oval office oral adventures was running the country. It did not pass.
Given the real issues of self protection we are now facing in our country, I'm glad to know that law abiding, responsible citizens may soon have the option of choosing to have self-defense options while traveling in the national parks.
I myself have had the shocking experience of running into illegal pot growers, and poachers, while out "for a walk in the desert / woods" and I can tell you it's a harrowing experience. There really are people in this world who will consider killing you just because you caught them doing something illegal.
The terrorists also have one less place where they can count on a group of people with no effective means of defending themselves against armed attack (the terrorists don't care about laws, and utilize anything they can think of to advance their terror agendas).
For those people that choose not to utilize weapons that require a license, you are also better protected as the criminals now don't know who is, or isn't, armed and able to defend themselves.
They'll probably modify it by stating you have to keep the ammo separate from the firearm. It still doesn't make much sense to require an individual with a CCW to keep the firearm separate from the ammo when traveling the interstate.
It's really hard to believe that there are those out there who would not support this bill. I've been to many national and state parks and can say that there are no checks for weapons at any that I've been to. Again the old proverbial saying applies: prohibit weapons and the only ones carrying will be outlaws. Someone tell me one GOOD reason why we shouldn't carry in our parks. I'll be waiting for the answer.
BTW Disabled Veteran, great point; all bills should stand alone.
Because "Families should not have to stare down loaded AK-47s on nature hikes," said Brady campaign president Paul Helmke.
Paul Helmke's mom still changes his diapers. He really showed his immaturity and undeveloped mind with that statement.
JWallace, that was almost the exact post I intended about Mr. Helmke's quote.
How absurd to make a comment like that to try and stir negative sentiment by bantering about AK-47s instead of really talking about concealable weapons.
What a weak attempt to scare people. He it truly pathetic.
The Brady Campaign is basically full of @!$%#. I seriously doubt it's possible to carry an AK-47 concealed. Maybe Rosie O'Donnell could do it, if she hid it in her butt crack, but other than that? Nah.
I have always carried a .45 automatic with me in National Parks. No-one knows when a Commie or atheist might be coming down the trail. You need the holy power of JESUS in the form of a firearm to send the Godless down to hell.
Death and blood to those who would attempt to destroy our Constitutional rights against the demons of hell who wish to eat our flesh! We have the right to bear arms in the name of peace and love and the holy love of JESUS! I am NOT crazy,. I have a Constitutional right to protect myself against the evil bears and Commies who would kill me.
I always keep my gun at the ready in a park because one false move and I will make you die you evil monkey of Satan! You lover of evil and death shall eat the holy lead of God!
They said I was crazy! I am NOT CRAZY!!!!
I like carrots.
Stop Me, Good Choice of Weapons.
StoneCold-363654
So we meet again... This time you made me spit soda on my keyboard, too funny... ;)
And... by the way, there was a discussion somewhere, forget where, where someone actually did "try" to hide an AKM in their pants. Didn't work, go figure...
Have fun
John
I love you Terry. It makes my bum hurt but I love you so much.
Give me your carrots again.
I like carrots.
No concealed carrots in National Parks (but a potato gun is o.k.)
This is a law that should have been passed years ago in support of the 2nd Amendment.
People don't seem to realize that this law does NOT allow criminals or anyone else not legally allowed to carry a firearm onto or into public lands, it re-affirms the right of law-abding citizens who are legally licensed to carry concealed weapons (usually handguns) onto state or federal lands. Brady and her wackos don't seem to understand this and would rather have none but criminals have guns.
It amazes me to think that there are people who actually believe making restrictive gun laws that only law-abiding people would follow anyway, will somehow stop criminals who by the very definition don't follow or abide by the law. Completely assinine and ignorant.
The more properly trained and LAW-ABIDING citizens that carry concealed weapons, the better!
I have yet to hear a logical arguement for carrying concealed weapons... including yours. I believe that people have the right to own guns. I don't believe that there is a need to hide, opps sorry, conceal them. People already had the right to carry arms... they just had to be visable. Lets say a criminal, or in this case a bear, is trying to decide which of two people to rob. A guy with his gun visible in a holster or a guy who does not have a visible weapon. Hmm, 100% chance of getting shot at vs. a 50/50 chance of getting shot at. You dont have to be an accountant to figure which is the best choice for the robber. Or lets say its a bear, who is like likely to get eaten... the guy with his gun readily available in a visible holster on his hip or the guy fumbling to get his pants leg pulled up or his shirt and jacket out of the way of his concealed firearm?
Dateline did a special on a convience store in the heart of LA, CA where the clerk kept a pistol visible in his waist band at all times that had never been robbed. Again, if your a robber and there is a store with a 100% chance of the clerk having a gun or a store with a 50/50 chance the clerk might have a gun hidden behind the counter, who do you rob?
Todd, you do make a good point. I carry openly for exactly the reason you mentioned. But sometimes people get itchy if they see someone carrying openly. Not that I care.
The reason for concealed weapons permits, isn't because we want to be allowed to carry guns, my state has an open carry policy, it is just illegal to carry a gun and keep a low profile. I wouldn't be allowed to open carry at my office, but I conceal carry and no one is the wiser, no harrasment from my 'open minded' coworkers, no fears of me losing my job, but I still have the security of knowing I can defend myself.
You are castin pearls before swine my friend..
I always keep my gun hidden in case I see a Commie. I don't want them to get me first because they know I am a freedom loving American.
I surprise them by shooting them before they know what is happening. It is so funny to see the look on the face of those Commies like that 10 year olm girl yesterday. I know she was a Commie because she had a pink backpack. But I got her first.
I am the avenging angel of God. I believe in love and peace an Jesus the Prince of Peace and killing Commies.
Persimmons are evil but carrots are good.
I like carrots.
You are truthfullness in what you say!!!!! Arrr Murphy!]]
The problum is to keep those cary ffooklers fro having the guns tyhat us normal peoples must have!!!
I love you Arrr Murphy.
Kiss my hymen and make me a goat.
I l.ike carrots.
Tood-kicks
Why do we need a bill to affirm this right? Shouldn't guns be allowed in national parks by default?
Do we need a bill to allow free speech in national parks?
i allways cary a gun no mater what the law is, id rather be tried by 12 then carried by 6
Well, the outcome depends on how much you're committed to protecting your right to bear arms. You could be carried by six and bypass the trial. ;)
Jesus said, "Kill them before they kill you."
It's in the Bible.
Carrots are orange.
Bugs Bunny eats carrots. Wait a minute. Bugs Bunny's fur is pink. This "stop me" guy is a commie. GET 'EM!
Bug's is grey. Energizer's is pink. Don't shoot.
the gun lobby has shown congress that if congressmen vote for gun control the congressmen can lose their jobs is why they are voting this way. sorry brady bunch for handgun control and msnbc.com you lost this one and i hope we see bankruptcey in msnbc.com soon.
good, now honest law abiding citizens can do what criminals can, carry a loaded weapon in a state park.
do gun control advocates really think that criminals will abide by the laws of the land?
I'll bet Paul Helmke of the Brady Campaign walks by numerous law abiding citizens who carry their weapons concealed any he doesn't even know it. However, if they were to expose their firearm he would faint.
JWallace... my guess was Ms. Helmke would wet his little, girlie underwear in the scenario you present......LOL
I kill anyone I see in a park.
They might be a criminal.
Better safe than sorry.
He's a commie. GET 'EM, GET 'EM (see earlier post). Thank you for your time.
LOL, good ol' politician Harry Reid. He sees which way the wind is blowing back home and suddenly his personal ship of state is tacking to the right. How are those popularity poll numbers looking back at home Mr. Senate Majority Leader?
National parks where law-abiding citizens could not carry concealed weapons allows unfettered opportunity for the criminals. The prey would be people not animals. Or maybe I am wrong here. OK, let's see a show of hands - how many of you scumbag robbers, murderers and rapist will not carry fire arms when and where you are not allowed? Come on, come on, let's see those hands. What? No hands?
Tourism has fallen in Nevada.
Now that gambling is everywhere why would anyone go to Nevada for a vacation?
Forgot to add - we live in AZ and Rep. Grijava does NOT represent our District. (ThankGod !) http://grijalva.house.gov then click on District 7 for the map.
SHORT VERSION: He has an Agenda.
He is the fox....in charge of guarding one of the Border Hen Houses. He represents District 7 which is almost the entire AZ border with Mexico, including the desert and Federal lands known to be a highway used by ILLEGAL migrants, Drug Cartels and traffic in Human Smuggling. Nogales AZ to Yuma.
This area is also one of the virtually UNPROTECTED areas rife with areas to smuggle guns etc. south of the border. It is where border Patrol are told they CANNOT shoot invaders and that they must sit, impotent, as criminals come and go.
His constituents are heavily Latino and Native American plus a heavy ILLEGAL population living in the shadows.
The Latino community faces home invasions, kidnappings and other dangerous crimes but you never hear him (or others in his camp) decrying the dangers to his own ethnic group.
His District is a known drop for truckloads of drugs entering the US through AZ. He IS a pro-ILLEGAL office holder, part of the group pressuring Napolitano (former Gov. of AZ) and Pres. Obama to go soft on the ILLEGAL movement.
It doesn't seem to be important to him, that Organ Pipe National Park in southern AZ is covered with "Warning" and "Camp at your Own Risk" signs. Not to mention that a Park Ranger was murdered there by ILLEGALs or Drug Mules. His District is a major route for Drug Lord and drug traffic, vans over loaded with ILLEGALs and a place where the desert terrain is being covered with discarded items from these invaders. Nogales to Amado, up thru the Rez, hiding drug cargo in the washes and vegetation of the reservation.
In other words...Grijalva seems to have his own agenda which is NOT in the best interest of America and US Security. HOW did he even get this committee appointment?
IMHO he is a total IDIOT and should be forced to spend a week in an RV, parked at Organ Pipe. WITHOUT a weapon....LOL
Better yet...put him in that RV, place it at Pancho Villa State Park in Columbus NM. That's right the location in Luna Co. where the Mexican Drug Lords have come over the border, paid CASH for the homes, vehicles etc and have established a foothold on American soil.
Those legislators who oppose guns are the ones whose sons, uncles, fathers are most likely to be shot by a solid citizen when the politician's relatives are out robbing, raping, stealing, doing drugs and other evil things.
I have done without at times to make sure my credit cards are up to date and have the score to prove it. Now Osama Obama is going to make ME pay for all the deadbeats out there that haven't had good a good credit score in their lives. I think I'll just pack my suitcase and move to Colombia and be a drug lord.
And the only reason I carry a gun is because a cop is too heavy.
Seems to me the CC bill is flawed if it allows the CC companies to screw the honest folks because in their greed and stupidity, the CC companies gave CCs to deadbeats
Wow...look out Bambi...
This law will last for as long as it takes for some evil sh1t to blow away a park ranger or a family of vacationers with a concealed weapon in a place like Yellowstone.
WTG you ignorant parasitic politicians, putting us and our law enforcement officers in the line of fire. Good move.
NOT.
first off, a law abiding citizen is not likely to do what you picture.
secondly, what laws do criminals follow? you think they'll see a law and think to themselves "oh, its illegal to own a firearm let alone carry one into a national park. i better get rid of this because its illegal for me to have it."
this law will simply allow honest law abiding citizens to do what criminals have been able to do all along.
race: Although Alaska historically has a very high rate of alcoholism/domestic violence/rapes, their allowing firearms in state parks (and Wrangell-St. Elias National Park) has worked quite well.
race, I agree with your comment that "This law will last for as long as it takes for some evil sh1t to blow away a park ranger or a family of vacationers with a concealed weapon in a place like Yellowstone." What you fail to understand is that this will result in this law being in effect for a very long time.
Prior to passing this bill, "National Park Service officers were 12 times more likely to be killed or injured as a result of an assault than FBI agents".
We will start seeing the crime rate decline in National Parks.
It is clear. The US is still majority conservative as illustrated by this poll, with 59% to 33% for allowing guns in national parks in a MSNBC poll. Add to that the fact the Democrat Congress is backing the bill only shows that the Dems in Congress know their re-election chances are better if they bend to the wishes of conservatives. This must irk the liberals, especially the way Obama has been reneging on one campaign promise after another.
I dont think this is a conservative thing, full disclosure I am a conservative, I think its the traditional self determinination that is prevelant in American society. There is a rift in American society over what our goverment is doing during this bailout, and I think loosing, or having more common sense, firearm policies is a way to appease Americans that are worried that there will be a noose around their necks in the future.
I would never go to a park without a loaded handgun. As a father of 4 boys and a husband it's my duty to protect my family. A lot of people forget that we share the wild with animals that kill what they eat alot of the time. Sometimes animals are sick diseased or hungry. If you went to a park with your family and a grizzly decides to have one of your kids for supper without a loaded firearm you could do not much of anything to help without getting yourself torn up. Mace is great but best for an experienced adult, when protecting a family a gun is best. One can stay safe by sticking to the sidewalks and tours but thats lame and best left for retired folks who don't care to hike and fish and get off the beaten path.
A loaded handgun won't do much against a grizzly...except maybe make him more angry... if it's Yogi or Booboo, then you might try a picnic basket...
Billy,
Really? When I hike in the wilderness, I don't carry a .38 special. I carry a .44 magnum or bigger. Believe me, the grizzly will go down. Get it right.
Sorry...Dirty Harry... I usually keep my phaser on stun.
Billy,
I guess you have nothing substantive to say to back up your argument.
What exactly are we arguing about?...
Mitchell - you mean you wouldn't call 911 and wait passively for help to arrive? Shame on you.
Methinks a phaser > than a .44 Though I prefer a lightsaber as it is not as brutish or clumsy as a blaster pistol.
Get them before they get you! They look like boy scouts but they are the evil spawn o Satan who will eat your testicles.
Jesus said, "kill them lest they kill you."
I buried them slavering in the park with their teeth and cackling heads beneath their horrid feet and bloody lips but they still sing in my head. Stop them! Stop the voices!!! The evil boys hate me with their anuses. God loves me .
Thank God I have my gun.
Pickles are so good. I like pickles.
Do you like pickles too?
Stop Me... Congratulations you are undoubtedly the wierdest MF I have ever encountered in any format, and trust me that is way off the end of the wierdometer scale. You rank right up there with the friend who's goal in life is to get himself completely tatooed and upon his death leave his skin to his son for use as a lampshade.
I prefer the 88mm dual purpose cannon, myself.
So the rat from Oklahoma wants to kill the credit card bill and at the same time turn the national parks into shooting ranges. I object to paying taxes to support a park system that is a danger to my life. Make Ruby Ridge, ID a national park. Issue guns and ammo to everyone who enters and let the ultra-right kooks shoot it out. Maybe Oxycontin Limbaugh will get lucky and hit Floozy Coulter.
tell me, the old saying "ignorance is bliss", is it true?
Daihtio what are you smoking man. That was one pathetic post that made no sense!!!!
Why do any new laws have to be passed to support the Second Amendment. The Amendment should stand on its own. I personally do not own or care to own any guns and have a hard time understanding why anyone needs to own more than one firearm, for protection or for putting food on the table. Since most of us DON"T use them for the latter any more, then it becomes even more questionable. Just because the Amendment grants us the RIGHT to own them, it doesn't justify ownership of an entire military arsenal as some people do. If you are a collector of antique guns in locked showcases, that is a different matter than a large collection of modern day weaponry that has no purpose other than killing other people.
i personally would NOT even venture into a state or federal park today for fear of my life with legal or illegal guns present in them. As for illegal gun owners growing pot or conducting any other illegal activity within state or federal lands, the law enforcement officials should be arresting those individuals and destroying their illegal activities.
What is wrong with the law requiring ALL guns if allowed in our parks to be in the open, with safety locks in place. They should NOT be concealed weapons, fully loaded with no safety locks, licensed or not.
To anti-trust proponent. you should just shut up. If you won`t go to a state or park where we can carry concealed pistols you don`t travel much or very far since there are about 40 states where ccw is legal. Another thing, what good is a gun if it`s not loaded and locked. If you don`t like guns then you should move to a country where guns have been taken away. You have a much higher chance of being shot in a country like that. I hope I never have to take my gun out the holster,but if I have a need it will have a full clip and no lock. There is one thing for sure, a criminal is not going to give you time to remove your lock and get loaded.
Yea, more campsites!!!!
Anti-Trust,
Concealed Carry Permits were designed to make people like you feel safe. Out of sight, out of mind. Firearm sales also kept the economy going in a positive direction. I have no problem with people purchasing numerous firearms because they find something appealing in each one. How many pairs of shoes do you own?
bleeding hearts please engage brain. The criminals already have guns with them. You going to fend of a crazed crack head with your maglight? Fire a round in the air and maybe you'll save yourself and your family. PS. Grizzly bears, coyotes and rattlers aren't affraid of you either. I had to undergoe an FBI back ground check to carry my gun, who would you rather be camped out besides, me or the crack head who doesn't care about the laws?
I would rather be camped by you, with my firearm with me.
Every law abiding citizen has the right to carry a gun for self protection without the PERMISSION of government. To bear arms means to carry! Lets get back to harshly punishing criminals. You know, the ones that murder, rape and steal. Round them up, kill them all! We as citizens should not under any circumstances have to put up with criminallity in our society.
"Lets get back to harshly punishing criminals. You know, the ones that murder, rape and steal. Round them up, kill them all?"...if we did that then who would be left in Washington to run the government?
Hey Billy, I get it. Perhaps honest citizens. From what I have seen, polititions in many ways are criminals. Just what exactly is it that they produce?
Politicians are the largest source of harmful emissions on the planet...
Politicians produce Lies... and place Blame on others when caught ....
Thomas Jefferson Quote: Let your gun therefore be the constant companion of your walks.
Given the fact that the Second Amendment unambiguously prohibits any interference - "The right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed". Why did our government have to vote on a bill that allows American Citizens to carry concealed in National Parks? I would suggest this is clear evidence that our government has become opressive and has violated our 2nd amendment right.
Any politician that has voted in favor of banning firearms of any kind doesn't recognize the second amendment and therefore shouldn't be representing the United States Citizens. Obama studied Consitutional Law and has supported anti-gun laws. That's worse than someone that is ignorant on the subject. Obama will not be a 2-term president. I'd like to see Mike Huckabee serve as the US President.
JWallace, they should not have to vote on a law concerning the 2nd Amendment, but the anti gun sector, seeing they cannot repeal the 2nd Amendment, are trying to legislate it out of existance. In other words, if you can't beat it, just keep making laws till it is so watered down as to disappear.
There may be hope yet. With 27 pro-2nd Amendment Dems in the Senate we may have a chance at defending the Constitution against the Statists on the left and in the White House.
Fantastic, esp since the Bush admin basically put an end to law enforcement (rangers) in the national parks due to cutting the budgets year after year. Of course they almost put an end to the parks period as they allowed them (infrastructure,etc) to fall apart.
Now, if congress would just beef up the EPA (Environmental POLLUTION Agency) Bush hacks allowed polluters to roam and poison us at will! Its a shame that bad health will strike everyone instead of just the polluters!!! Their motto: to hell with our children just give me another dollar!!!
Hey truthfinder3. I just wish for once that people like you could could propose a real solution for todays problems without trying to name and blame people by name. Come on, I challange you to step foreward. Provide us with some solutions.
truth,
If the liberals truly care about their children, they wouldn't support deficit spending by the trillions whether by a Republican or Democrat president. Now, you want to stick it to your children again with free heathcare for 75 million aging boomers.
My wife used to be bothered by the fact that I own a pistol. After 2 months on the Appalachian trail she had no problem with it at all. We weren't near as concerned with wild animals as with the 2-legged trail trash. Hiking in the wilderness has turned into the equivalent of hanging out at the Greyhound bus station. If I had come across Meredith's killer on blood Mountain 2 weeks prior to our actually hiking through last year, you better bet your bleeding liberal heart I would have proudly put an illegal bullet in that guy's head. If you go to Alaska and step out of the populated area, you're considered a fool if you're unarmed.
We live in Seattle now, and a couple of weeks ago, some woman got off the bus and shot up a guy. We had just walked by that bus stop 15 minutes prior to this little display of affection.
Have any of you knee-jerk characters ever wondered why the right to bear arms is the 2nd ammendment passed long ago? Nothing has changed, especially human nature. and moving to Switzerland won't help you either, they have a higher incidence of gun ownership than we do. Sweden? Nope. Those so-called pacifists have a higher rate of gun ownership also. So, before you whine about 7-Eleven carrying AK-47's, get an education. And put down those clove cigarettes. They're bad for you anyway.
hear hear from a fellow seattleite
MikeB-----You don't even have to leave the populated area to have problems in Alaska. Anchorage has bears roming the streets of downtown now. Simply put I would never leave the house without protection up there.